Melasma, also known as chloasma or the “pregnancy mask,” is a common skin condition characterized by brown patches on the face, particularly on the cheeks, bridge of the nose, forehead, and upper lip. These patches can also appear on other parts of the body exposed to the sun, such as the forearms. In this article, we will explore the causes of melasma, the types of melasma, and the available treatment options.
Causes of melasma and brown spots
Brown spots are primarily caused by prolonged and repeated exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays. When the skin is exposed to UV rays, melanocytes—the cells responsible for skin pigmentation—produce an excessive amount of melanin, leading to increased skin pigmentation. This is what happens when we tan in the sun, resulting in an even tan that acts as a natural protection for the skin. However, pigmentary abnormalities can occur, manifesting as brown spots of hyperpigmentation.
Melasma, the most common type of brown spots, is often associated with hormonal changes that occur in certain situations, such as pregnancy or taking birth control pills. Pregnant women may develop melasma due to the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. This is why it is sometimes called the “pregnancy mask.” Hormones may also play a role in the development of melasma in people with olive or dark skin.
Types of melasma
Melasma is classified into three types: epidermal, dermal, and mixed. Epidermal melasma is the most superficial and is characterized by increased skin pigmentation in the upper layer of the skin (the epidermis). Dermal melasma is characterized by increased skin pigmentation in the second layer of the skin (the dermis). Mixed melasma is a combination of the two.
Treatment of melasma and age spots
It is important to note that there is no effective curative treatment for dermal melasma. However, epidermal melasma can be treated with various treatment options.
1. Skin-lightening creams
Depigmenting creams available at pharmacies can help reduce epidermal melasma. They contain active ingredients such as vitamin C, azelaic acid, kojic acid, and retinoic acid, which inhibit melanin synthesis. However, it is important to note that hydroquinone, which is effective against melasma, is available only by prescription and must be compounded by a pharmacist.
2. Microneedling
Microneedling is a promising therapeutic method for treating melasma. This technique involves creating tiny punctures in the skin using fine needles, which stimulates the production of collagen and elastin. Studies have shown that microneedling can help reduce hyperpigmentation associated with melasma.
3. Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy, which involves applying cold to age spots, has also been used to treat age spots for a long time. However, this method can leave white marks on the skin, as the cells responsible for skin pigmentation are sensitive to cold.
4. Laser
Laser treatment is one of the most effective options for epidermal melasma. The laser destroys melanocytes through photothermolysis, which reduces skin pigmentation. It generally takes 2 to 3 sessions spaced 6 weeks apart to achieve satisfactory results. It is important to properly prepare the skin with depigmenting creams before laser treatment and to protect the skin from the sun before and after the sessions.
5. Depigmenting peel
A medium-depth medical peel can be used to treat melasma. This type of peel penetrates into the superficial layer of the dermis. For best results, it is important to prepare the skin with depigmenting creams, protect the skin from the sun before and after the peel, and undergo several sessions at regular intervals.
6. LED photomodulation
LED photomodulation is often used in conjunction with other treatments, such as microneedling, chemical peels, and laser therapy. This technique improves skin texture and can help reduce inflammation associated with certain skin conditions.
Preventing melasma and age spots
Prevention is key to avoiding melasma and dark spots. Here are a few tips to protect your skin:
- Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF and reapply it every two hours, especially during prolonged sun exposure.
- Wear a wide-brimmed hat and protective clothing to cover areas exposed to the sun.
- Avoid excessive sun exposure, especially during the hottest part of the day.
- Use skin-lightening creams and skincare products that are suitable for your skin type.
- Avoid harsh facial cleansers and frequent exfoliation, which can irritate the skin.
Conclusion
Melasma and dark spots can be a cause for concern, but there are effective treatment options available to reduce their appearance. Whether you choose depigmenting creams, microneedling, cryotherapy, laser treatment, chemical peels, or LED photomodulation, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional specializing in skin care to determine the best approach for your specific case. At My Laser, we specialize in treating melasma and brown spots.
Schedule a consultation appointment today to treat your melasma at our center